Phase 01: Definition and Classification

Reference - Reading Tip:

Michelle Addington, Daniel Schodek: Smart Materials and Technologies, Architectural Press, 2005

In this book materials and technologies are categorized by behavior- physical and phenomenological- and overlaid with increasing component and system complexity.

Smart Materials characteristics:

SM – Type 1: Property changing-Intrinsic response variation of material to specific internal or external stimuli (Thermochromic, Magnetorheological, Thermotropic, Shape memory):

SM – Type 2: Energy exchanging- responses can be computationally controlled or enhanced (Photovoltaic, Thermoelectric, Piezoelectric, Photoluminescent, Electrostrictive)

A smart material has an inherent “active” behavior that makes it to fit into several categories. For example: electrochromic glass is simultaneously a glazing material, a window, a curtain wall system, a lighting control system or an automated shading system. It has a lot to do with new technologies.

It is necessary a multi-layered classification of SM according to its physical behavior (what it does) and the phenomenological behavior (the results, the effects, the actions, what do we want the material to do?, the architect’s intention). The SM produce direct effects on the energy environments (luminous, thermal, and acoustic), or indirect effects on systems (energy generation, mechanical equipment).

Phase 01: Definition and Classification

Assignment 1.1

Topic 1- Traditional Architectural Classifications:

• USA- Construction Specifications institute (CSI)- Marshall
• Other Classification Systems (Material Science, Engineering)- Marshall
• Material ConneXion
• Technotextiles (see for books on Fashion Design materials)- Ramon

Topic 2 and 3- Traditional Materials characteristics:

TM- Fixed responses to external stimuli (material properties remain constant under normal conditions).

TM may range from:

Topic 2

a) Primary material classes:

• Metals (pure metals, transitional metal);- Will
• Ceramics; -Chris D.
• Polymers; - Jon Pace

Topic 3

b) Derivated classes:

• Composites (High performance strength or stiffness applications. Reinforcing materials, Resin and Matrix materials, Core materials). - Aaron

Properties of materials

Topic 4- Intrinsic properties: internal molecular structure- chemical composition-( for ex. strenght); related to material behavior. Knowledge of atomic and molecular structure (to understand the intrinsic properties) of materials. Bonding forces.- Pedro

Topic 5- Extrinsic properties :macrostructure- (for ex. optical properties).- Jose

Topic 6 - Total of 5 material properties indicative of the energy stimuli that every material must respond to:

• mechanical (Scott),
• electrical (Scott),
• thermal (Jonah A.),
• chemical (Yost),
• optical (Alan).

Topic 7- Nanomaterials (Nanotechnology)- Chris P., Mark